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MEXICO
History & Genealogy
 


 

Source:
The Story of the Nations
MEXICO

By Susan Hale
Publ. New York
G. P. Putnam's Sons
London; T. Fisher Unwin
1911

CONTENTS

  page
I. - THE SUBJECT
 - View from a steamer, 1
 - Seen by Fernando Cortes, 2
 - his ambition, 3
 - Inhospitable coast, 3
 - Vera Cruz, 4
 - Departure, 4
 - Climate we leave, 5
 - Three climates of Mexico, 6
 - Anahuac, 6
 - Tierra templada, 7
 -
Scenery of the plateau, 7
 - Its early inhabitants, 8
 - Destroyed by Cortes, 8
 - Traditions of Anahuac, 9
 - Teocallis changed to cathedrals, 9
 - The Conquistadores, 10
 - Spanish rulers, 10
 - Two emperors, 10
 - Mexico a republic, 11
 - its past and future, 11
1-11
II. - SHADOWY TRIBES
 - Meaning of Anahuac, 12
 - Tula, formerly Tollan, 13
 - The Toltecs, 13
 - Cholula: its legends, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
 - Mounds builders, 21
 - Legends of the Nahuas, 21
 - Huehue-Tlapallan, 22
 - Atlantis, 22
 - Noah of the Mexican tribes, 22
 - Universal fable of the deluge, 23
12-23
III. - Traditions of the Toltecs
 - Their wanderings, 24
 - ruins of their capital, 26
 - their resources, 26
 - language, 27;
 - early faith, 27
 - Cuernavaca, 28
 - Toluca, 28
 - Power of their ruler, 29
 - Quetzalcoatl, The Shining Snake, 29
 - legends of his career, 30
 - possible facts, 32
 - mystery of his departure, 32
 - image in the museum, 33;
 - his attributes, 33
 - its properties, 35
 - Maguey, 35
 - Xochitl, 36
 - her beverage, 36
 - Deterioration of the Toltecs, 37;
 - dates of their wanderings, 37
24-37
IV. - CHICHIMECS
 - A new dynasty, 38
 - The Chichimecs, 39
 - occupations and customs, 39
 - The mark of a warrior, 39
 - The Serpent of the Clouds, 40
 - Territory of Xolotl, 41
 - New waves of emigration, 42
 - Wise rulers, 42
 - Texcuco, 42
 - The Aztecs, 43
 - War with Atzcapotzalco, 44
 - Kingdom of Texcuco, 44
38-44
V. - NEZAHUALCOYOTL
 - The young prince, 45
 - in captivity, 45
 - a faithful friend, 46
 - Tlaxcaza, 46
 - The plateau to-day, 46
 - The Malinche, 46
 - The Land of Bread, 47
 - A wise tutor, 47
 - Maxtla, 48
 - The homage of Nezahualcoyotl, 48
 - Maxtla's plot, 48
 - Open enmity, 49
 - Nezahualcoyotl's escape, 49
 - his hiding, 50
 - Tyranny of Maxtla, 50
 - The true prince triumphant, 51
 - Maxtla defeated and killed, 51
 - The kingdom of Texcuco Acolhuacan, 52
45-52
VI. - TEXCUCO
 - The Golden Age, 53
 - The government, 53
 - Council of Music, 53
 - Texcucan literature, 54
 - Lost treasures, 54
 - A royal poet, 55
 - The Laughing Hill, 56
 - Artificial lakes, 56
 - Ruins of Tezcotzinco, 56
 - Baths of Montezuma, 57
 - A blot on Nezahaualcoyotl's fame, 57
 - a Mexican Harounal Raschid, 58
 - his religion, 59
 - From anarchy to civilization, 59
 - Nezahualpilli, 59
 - Decline of Texcuco, 60
 - A Texcucan historian, 60
 - Legend or fact?, 61
53-61
VII. - MICHOACAN
 - The Land of Fish, 62
 - Lonely lakes, 62
 - Patzcuaro, 63
 - The Place of Delights, 64
 - The first settlers, 64
 - Ire Titatacame, 65
 - A dusky princes, 65
 - Tixiacuri, the first king of Michoacan, 66
 - The kingdom divided, 66
 - Tzintzuntzan, 67
 - The glorious reign of Zovanga, 67
 - A city of birds, 67
 - Fruitless excavations, 68
 - The Tarascans, 68
62-69
VIII. - MAYAS
 - The first wave of migration, 70
 - Traces of Mayas in Yucatan, 70
 - A great empire, 71
 - Nachan, the town of serpents, 72
 - its ruins discovered, 72
 - Palace at Palenque, 72
 - Lofty chambers and strange bas-reliefs, 73
 - The Temple of the Cross, 74
 - An emblem of Christian faith, 75
 - Meaning of the bablets, 75
 - Chichen-Itza, 76
 - A religious centre, 77
 - Paintings and bas-reliefs, 78
 - Chaak Mool, the tiger-chief, 78
 - The beautiful Kinich, 78
 - Tomb of Chaak Mool, 78
 - Paved roads of Yucatan, 79
 - Votan and Zamma, 80
 - Mayan legends, 80
 - Weapons and armor, 81
 - War with the Toltecs, 82
70-82
IX. - AZTECS
 - Best known of the Anahuac tribes, 83
 - Aztlan, 83
 - The migration, 84
 - Six centuries of wanderings, 84
 - The name Mexican, 84
 - Their adopted home, 84
 - Chapultepec, 86
 - Driven to the islands, 87
 - A wretched life, 87
 - Valorof the slaves, 87
 - An abiding city, 87
 - Tenochtitlan, or Mexico, 88
 - Advances in Civilization, 88
 - Results of modern research, 80
 - A king chosen, 90
 - Early years of the kingdom, 91
 - The Princess of Cloth, 92
 - Canoas, 92
 - Chimalpopoca, 94
 - The usurpation, 94
 - Maxtla, 95
83-95
X. - MEXICANS
 - Itzcoatl, 96
 - Alliance with Texcuco, 96
 - War with Maxtla, 96
 - Victory of the allies, 97
 - Fall of the Tepanec monarchy, 97
 - "The Valley Confederates," 98
 - Reign of Motecuhzoma, 98
 - Height of the Mexican power, 98
 - Conquest of the Chalcas, 99
 - Inundation and famine, 99
 - Raid upon neighboring provinces, 100
 - Laws of Motecuhzoma, 100
 - his successor, 101
 - Tizoc, 101
 - The Drinking cup of the Eagle, 101
 - Human sacrifice, 102
 - Temple built by Tizoc, 105
 - Dikes, 105
 - A despot, 106
 - Extent of the kingdom, 106
 - Religious fanaticism, 108
 - Doubtful records, 109
96-110
XI. - AZTEC CHARACTER
 - Unreliable testimony, 111
 - Hieroglyphics, 111
 - Paintings, 112
 - "Wanderings of the Aztecs," 112
 - Religion, 114
 - A future life, 114
 - Funeral customs, 114
 - Domestic life, 115
 - Laws, 115
 - Music, 115
 - The Aztec calendar, 115
 - Divisions of time, 116
 - Names of days, etc., 117
 - Opinions of antiquarians, 117
 - The cycle, 118
 - Unlucky days, 118
 - Agriculture, 119
 - Irrigation, 119
 - A gentle race, 120
 - The Priestesses, 121
 - Coatlicue, the goddess of the earth, 122
 - Source of Aztec greatness, 122
 - A fatal policy, 123
111-123
XII. - THE LAST OF THE MONTEZUMAS
 - Motechuhzoma Xocoyotzin, 124
 - his character, 124
 - A coronation festival, 125
 - Royal robes, 125
 - The life of an Aztec king, 126
 - His capital, 126
 - Diaz's description, 127
 - A life of pleasure, 128
 - State correspondence, 128
 - Chapultepec, 129
 - Montezuma's cypress, 129
 - Clouds on the horizon, 130
 - Sinister predictions, 130
 - The coming of the white men, 131
 - An unhappy monarch, 131
 - Landing of the strangers, 132
 - Velasquez de Leon, 132
 - his expedition to Yucatan, 133
 - Grijalva visits Mexico, 133
 - Montezuma's embassy, 133
124-134
XIII. - CORTEZ
 - Birth, 135
 - enters the army, 135
 - visits Cuba, 135
 - An attractive portrait, 135
 - Defects of character, 136
 - Velasquez and Grijalva's expedition, 136
 - A love story, 137
 - Cortes receives a commission, 137
 - his companions, 137
 - Jealousy of Velasquez, 137
 - The squadron, 138
 - Jerome d' Agular, 138
 - First conflect with the Aztecs, 139
 - Palm Sunday, 139
 - A happy people, 140
 - Rumors of danger, 140
 - Presents to the strangers, 141
 - Cortes as Quetzalcoatl, 141
 - Easter, 141
 - A perplexed council, 142
 - Mistaken policy, 142
 - Vera Cruz, 142
 - Cortes visits Cempoallan, 143
 - Tlaxcalla, 143
 - The ships destroyed, 144
135-144
XIV. - MALINTZI
 - Her birthplace, 145
 - The little duchess is made a slave, 145
 - Life in Tabasco, 146
 - Arrival of Cortes, 146
 - Treaty of alliance, 146
 - The heiress-slave becomes a Christian, 146
 - Marina or Malinche, 146
 - A new interpreter,147
 - A beautiful picture, 147
 - Spendid gifts, 148
 - Malintzi's beauty, 149
 - her devotion to Cortex, 149
 - its result, 149
145-150
XV. - TLAXCALLA
 - An isolated province, 151
 - Exaggerated reports, 151
 - Efforts for the friendship of the Tlaxcallans, 152
 - A trap for Spaniards, 152
 - A battle, 152
 - Defeat of the Tlaxcallans, 153
 - Peace concluded, 153
 - Christianity introduced, 153
 - Cholula, 154
 - Slaughter of the Cholutecas, 154
 - Alliance with Ixlilxochitl, 154
 - Cacamatzin imprisoned, 155
 - Cortes reaches Mexico, 156
 - Cortes and Montezuma, 157
 - A lesson and a vow, 157
151-157
XVI. - LA NOCHE TRISTE
 - Overtures of friendship, 158
 - Bold measures, 159
 - Montezuma in the power of the Spaniards, 159
 - A rival in the field, 159
 - Alvarado, 160
 - The feast of Huitzilopochtli, 160
 - The Spaniards in danger, 160
 - Death of Montezuma, 161
 - Mexican traditions, 162
 - Cortes abandons the city, 163
 - A desperate struggle, 163
 - La Noche Triste, 164
 - The scene of the battle, 164
 - the losses, 165
158-165
XVII. - CONQUEST
 - An integral of peace, 166
 - The new emperor, 166
 - A legacy of the spaniards, 167
 - Cortes in extremis, 167
 - The Aztec army, 168
 - Battle at Otumba, 170
 - The Spaniards, victorius, 170
 - Preparations for defence, 171
 - The Spanish in Tlaxcalla, 171
 - A new army of a new fleet, 172
 - The campaign against Mexirau, 173
 - Suffering in the city, 174
166-179
XVIII. - DONA MARINA
 - Her position in the camp, 180
 - After the victory, 180
 - Life at Coyoacan, 180
 - Arrival of Dona Catalina, 181
 - her death, 182
 - Insurrection in Honduras, 182
 - Marriage of Marina, 183
 - her later life and her death, 183
 - Cortes visits Spain, 183
 - A second marriage, 183
180-183
XIX. - INDIANS
 - The conquest complete, 184
 - The name Indian, 184
 - Origin of the Nahuatl trives, 185
 - Distinguished from the North American Indian, 186
 - Military government, 188
 - The Ayuntamiento, 188
 - The Audiencia, 188
 - Nuno de Guzman, 189
 - his cruelty to the natives, 189
 - Guadalajara founded, 189
 - A second Audiencia, 189
 - A viceroy appointed, 190
 - Extent of New Spain, 190
184-190
XX. - THE FIRST OF THE VICEROYS
 - Antonio de Mendoza, 191
 - his family and character, 191
 - Reforms instituted, 191
 - Industries encouraged, 192
 - The Franciscans, 192
 - Fray Pedro, 192
 - Foundation of schools and colleges, 193
 - Guadalajara and Valladolid, 193
 - Michoacan and its people, 194
 - The founding of a city, 195
 - Spanish families in Mexico, 196
 - Jews and Moors banished, 196
 - Vasco de Quiroga, 197
 - his life in Tarasco, 197
 - his church at Trintruntzan, 198
 - A wonderful picture, 198
 - The cathedral at Morelia, 199
 - Cortes goes to Spain, 200
 - Popularity of the viceroy, 200
 - First Mexican book, 202
 - Departure of Mendoza, 202
191-202
XXI. - FRAY MARTIN DE VALENCIA
 - Don Luis de Velasco, second viceroy, 203
 - New institutions and industries, 203
 - Puebla de las Angeles, 204
 - the tradition of its founding, 204
 - the situation, 206
 - The early ecclesiastics, 207
 - The worship of the Virgin, 207
 - The "twelve apostles of Mexico,", 208
 - Fray Martin of Valencia, 208
 - his life in Amecameca, 209
 - his death, 210
 - Relics of Fray Martin, 211
 - An object of reverence, 212
 - Death of Valasco, 212
 - A well-regulated government, 213
203-213
XXII. - OTHER VICEROYS
 - Events in Spain, 214
 - Philip II., 214
 - The character of the viceroys, 215
 - The Inquisition, 216
 - The Quemadero, 216
 -
Death of Philip, 217
 - Inundations, 217
 - Martinez and his canal, 218
 - Successors of Philip, 219
 - Wars of succession, 220
 - Revillagigedo, 220;
 - anecdotes of his administration, 221
214-223
XXIII. - HUMBOLDT
 - A distinguished visitor, 224
 - he arrives in Mexico, 225
 - Remarks on the carving, 225
 - Academy of fine arts, 226;
 - its later history, 227
 - The cathedral, 227
 - Humboldt at Chapultepec, 228;
 - the market, 228
 - Teotihuacan, 229
 - Mexican mines, 229
 - Valenciana, 229
 - At Patzcuaro, 230
 - The birth of a volcano, 231
224-232
XXIV. - REVOLUTIONS
 - Charles III. of Spain, 233
 - his successor, 233
 - Branciforte and the statue of Charles IV., 234
 - Napoleon invades Spain, 235
 - A change of government, 235
 - Juntas, 235
 - The Bourbons restored, 235
233-237
XXV. - HILDALGO
 - Birth and education, 238
 - Colegio de San Nicholas, 238
 - He takes orders, 238
 - life at Dolores, 240
 - bold schemes, 240
 - Ignacio Allende, 241
 - An important step, 241
 - The Grito de Dolores, 242
 - A new army, 242
 - Attack on Guanajuato, 243
 - A brave boy, 243
 - The new viceroy, 243
 - Hidalgo excommunicated, 244
 - Valladolid taken, 245
 - Monte de la Cruces, 245
 - The insurgents defeated at Aculco, 246
 - Hidalgo declared Generalissimo, 246
 - Battle of Calderon, 247
 - Capture and death of the chiefs, 248
 - End of the struggle for independence, 248
238-249
XXVI. - MORELOS
 - Birth and family, 250
 - Morelia, 251
 - Muleteer and student, 251
 - Morelos joins Hidalgo, 251
 - Siege of Cuautla, 252
 - Acapulco, 252
 - First Mexican Congress, 252
 - Declaration of independence, 253
 - Attack on Valladolid, 253
 - Mishaps, 254
 - Morelos a prisoner, 254
 - Death of Morelos, 255
 - his character and aims, 255
 - his object achieved, 256
250-257
XXVII. - YTURBIDE
 - The close of Calleja's administration, 258
 - The insurgents dispersed, 258
 - Apodaca and Guerrero, 259
 - Affairs in Spain, 259
 - Agustin de Yturbide, 260
 - early services, 260
 - meets Guerrero, 261
 - "Plan of Iguala," 261
 - The "three guaranties," 261
 - Advance of the insurgents, 262
 - The viceroy deposed, 262
 - A successful campaign, 263
 - O'Donoju, 263
 - Treaty of Cordova, 264
 - Yturbide enters the capital, 264
 - The Regency, 264
 - The Mexican Empire founded, 265
 - Work of the new government, 265
 - Second Mexican Congress, 265
 - Yturbide proclaimed Emperor, 266
 - Signs of dissatisfaction, 267
 - Santa Anna, 267
 - The Casa-Masa, 268
 - Yturbide banished, 268
 - his return to Mexico, 270
 - his execution, 270
 - character of Yturbide, 271
258-271
XXVIII. - SANTA ANNA
 - A confused story, 272
 - Santa Anna, 273
 - his connection with Yturbide, 273
 - The Constitution, 273
 - "Guadalupe" Victoria, 273
 - Expulsion of the Spanish, 274
 - A presidential election, 274
 - Mutiny in the capital, 275
 - Colonization of Texas, 276
 - Pedraza, 276
 - A Spanish invasion, 277
 - Santa Anna made Commander-in-Chief, 277
 - Bustamente, 278
 - Guerrero betrayed and shot, 278
 - Santa Anna becomes President, 278
 - Farias, 279
 - Insurrection in Texas, 279
272-280
XXIX. - STILL SANTA ANNA
 - Louis Philippe, 281
 - Reclamacion de los pasteles, 281
 - The French repelled, 281
 - Santa Anna's home, 282
 - Bustamente recalled, 282
 - Trouble again, 283
 - Mejia, 283
 - A revolution described, 284
 - Bustamente resigns, 288
 - Santa Anna Triumphant, 288
281-289
XXX. - SOCIETY
 - Madame Calderon's journal, 390
 - An ambassador from Spain, 290
 - State of society, 291
 - The Paseo, 291
 - The Viga, 292
 - Women in Mexico, 292
 - Good Friday in Mexico, 294
 - Robbers, 297
 - Guardias Rurales, 298
 - A monarchy proposed, 299
290-300
XXXI. - RUMORS OF WAR
 - Results of the Spanish rule, 301
 - Playing at independence, 301
 - The appeal to arms, 302
 - The country exhausted, 302
 - Misfortunes, 304
 - The United States, 304
 - Spread of its territory, 304
 - Colonization of Texas, 305
 - Moses Austin, 304
 - Revolt against Mexico, 305
 - Houston and Santa Anna, 305
 - Texas independent, 305
 - Annexed to the United States, 306
 - Herrera, Farias, and Paredes, 307
 - The Mexican army, 308
301-310
XXXII. - WAR BEGUN
 - The beginning of hostilities, 311
 - Palo Alto and Resaca de is Palma, 311
 - The war carried into Mexico, 312
 - Difficulty of negotiation, 312
 - "Indemnity for the past," 313
 - California, 313
 - Policy of the United States, 313
 - Monterey taken, 314
 - Fremont enters the capital, 316
 - Taylor's campaign, 316
 - Siege of Monterey, 318
 - Ampudia's proclamation, 319
 - Paredes and his "Plan," 319
 - Santa Anna again, 320
 - Fall of Paredes, 321
 - Santa Anna at the capital, 321
 - A new army, 321
311-322
XXXIII. - PUEBLA LOST
 - Scott before Vera Cruz, 323
 - Buena Vista, 323
 - Raising money, 323
 - The religious orders and their influence, 324
 - Wealth of the Church, 326
 - Ecclesiastical property seized, 327
 - Bombardment of Vera Cruz, 328
 - The city surrendes, 328
 - Cerro Gordo, 330
 - Santa Anna at Puebla, 330
 - Puebla occupied by the Americans, 331
 - Guadalupe and its surroundings, 331
 - Santa Anna as Dictator, 332
 - Patriotism aroused, 332
323-332
XXXIV. - CHAPULTEPEC TAKEN
 - The approach to the capital, 333
 - Churubusco, 333
 - Docile Indians, 333
 - Another victory for the Americans, 334
 - Molino de Rey, 334
 - Chapultepec taken, 336
 - Occupation of the capital, 336
 - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 338
 - Discovery of gold, 338
 - Effects of the war, 339
 - Attempts to capture Santa Anna, 340
 - Santa Anna retires to Jamaica, 341
 - Grant in the Mexican war, 341
333-341
XXXV. - BENITO JUAREZ
 - Peace restored, 342
 - Herrera and his administration, 342
 - Santa Anna again Dictator, 344
 - An epoch of reform, 344
 - Clerigos and liberales, 344
 - Benito Juarez, 344
 - restored to office, 346
 - A new Constitution, 346
 - Juarez becomes President, 346
 - Foreign intervention, 347
342-347
XXXVI. - FRENCH INTERVENTION
 - A foreign squadron, 348
 - The pretext and the cause, 348
 - Spain and England withdraw, 349
 - The policy of Napoleon III., 349
 - A proposed empire, 349
 - Maximilian, 350
 - dreams of "the right divine,", 352
 - The French troops advance on the capital, 353
 - Divisions of Mexico, 353
 - The Cinco de Mayo, 354
 - A bold attack, 355
 - Defence of Puebla, 356
348-356
XXXVII. - THE EMPIRE UNDER PROTECTION
 - The sovereigns arive, 357
 - The imperialist party, 357
 - Reception of Maximilian, 358
 - Relics of royalty, 359
 - Military affairs, 360
 - The new government, 262
 - Chapultepec restored, 363
 - Society at the capital, 363
 - Apparent prosperity, 364
357-364
XXXVIII. - THE UNPROTECTED EMPIRE
 - Action of the United States, 365
 - Responsibility for the intervention, 366
 - The final word of Napoleon, 367
 - Carlotta goes to Europe, 368
 - Her interview with Napoleon, 369
 - Maximilian leaves the capital, 370
 - At Orizaba, 371
 - Father Fischer, 371
 - The Emperor's manifesto, 372
365-372
XXXIX. - MAXIMILIAN
 - The French army withdrawn, 373
 - Advance of Juarez, 374
 - The Emperor and his attendants, 374
 - Investments of Queretaro, 375
 - Marquez and Diaz, 375
 - Personal appearance of the Emperor, 376
 - The treachery of Lopez, 377
 - Maximilian a prisoner, 378
 - his death, 380
373-382
XL. - END OF THE EPISODE
 - General Vidaurri, 383
 - The escape of Marquez, 384
 - General Diaz, 384
 - Puebla, 385
 - Vigor of the liberal government, 385
383-385
XLI. - THE LAST OF SANTA ANNA
 - Juarez enters of capital, 386
 - Peace established, 387
 - Santa Anna in retirement, 387
 - his exile and death, 388
 - Character of Juarez, 389
 - Civil war again, 390
 - Death of Juarez, 390
 - Lerdo becomes President, 391
386-391
XLII. - PORFIRIO DIAZ
 - A new "Plan", 392
 - Birthplace of Diaz, 392
 - Scenery of Oaxaca, 393
 - The Zapotecas, 393
 - Ruins of Mitla, 394
 - Early life of Diaz, 394
 - his military achievements, 395
 - An escape from hostile troops, 396
 - Triumph of the opposition, 396
 - Diaz proclaimed President, 397
 - Presidency of Gonsalez, 398
 - Policy of Diaz, 399
 - Chapultepec at the present day, 399
 - Hope for the Indiana, 400
 - Prospects of development, 401
392-401
XLIII. - PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES
 - Climate and vegetation, 402
 - Mexican flora, 403
 - The market-place, 404
 - A family group, 404
 - Native pottery, 405
 - The cargador, 405
 - Wearing apparel, 406
 - Serape and rebozo, 406, 407
 - The cotton industry, 408
 - The source of Mexican wealth, 409
402-411
XLIV. - FUTURE
 - Influence of the Catholic Fathers, 412
 - Extinction of monasteries, 412
 - The parish priest, 413
 - The Mozarabic liturgy, 413
 - A missionary field, 414
 - The policy of the government, 414
 - Schools, 415
 - Literature in modern Mexico, 416
 - The Mexican-Spaniard, 417
 - Railways, 418
 - 'brighter days to come, 419
412-419
INDEX 421

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