Source:
The Story of the Nations
MEXICO
By Susan Hale
Publ. New York
G. P. Putnam's Sons
London; T. Fisher Unwin
1911CONTENTS
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I. - THE SUBJECT
- View from a steamer, 1
- Seen by Fernando Cortes, 2
- his ambition, 3
- Inhospitable coast, 3
- Vera Cruz, 4
- Departure, 4
- Climate we leave, 5
- Three climates of Mexico, 6
- Anahuac, 6
- Tierra templada, 7
- Scenery of the plateau, 7
- Its early inhabitants, 8
- Destroyed by Cortes, 8
- Traditions of Anahuac, 9
- Teocallis changed to cathedrals, 9
- The Conquistadores, 10
- Spanish rulers, 10
- Two emperors, 10
- Mexico a republic, 11
- its past and future, 11 |
1-11 |
II. - SHADOWY TRIBES
- Meaning of Anahuac, 12
- Tula, formerly Tollan, 13
- The Toltecs, 13
- Cholula: its legends, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
- Mounds builders, 21
- Legends of the Nahuas, 21
- Huehue-Tlapallan, 22
- Atlantis, 22
- Noah of the Mexican tribes, 22
- Universal fable of the deluge, 23 |
12-23 |
III. - Traditions of the
Toltecs
- Their wanderings, 24
- ruins of their capital, 26
- their resources, 26
- language, 27;
- early faith, 27
- Cuernavaca, 28
- Toluca, 28
- Power of their ruler, 29
- Quetzalcoatl, The Shining Snake, 29
- legends of his career, 30
- possible facts, 32
- mystery of his departure, 32
- image in the museum, 33;
- his attributes, 33
- its properties, 35
- Maguey, 35
- Xochitl, 36
- her beverage, 36
- Deterioration of the Toltecs, 37;
- dates of their wanderings, 37 |
24-37 |
IV. - CHICHIMECS
- A new dynasty, 38
- The Chichimecs, 39
- occupations and customs, 39
- The mark of a warrior, 39
- The Serpent of the Clouds, 40
- Territory of Xolotl, 41
- New waves of emigration, 42
- Wise rulers, 42
- Texcuco, 42
- The Aztecs, 43
- War with Atzcapotzalco, 44
- Kingdom of Texcuco, 44 |
38-44 |
V. - NEZAHUALCOYOTL
- The young prince, 45
- in captivity, 45
- a faithful friend, 46
- Tlaxcaza, 46
- The plateau to-day, 46
- The Malinche, 46
- The Land of Bread, 47
- A wise tutor, 47
- Maxtla, 48
- The homage of Nezahualcoyotl, 48
- Maxtla's plot, 48
- Open enmity, 49
- Nezahualcoyotl's escape, 49
- his hiding, 50
- Tyranny of Maxtla, 50
- The true prince triumphant, 51
- Maxtla defeated and killed, 51
- The kingdom of Texcuco Acolhuacan, 52 |
45-52 |
VI. - TEXCUCO
- The Golden Age, 53
- The government, 53
- Council of Music, 53
- Texcucan literature, 54
- Lost treasures, 54
- A royal poet, 55
- The Laughing Hill, 56
- Artificial lakes, 56
- Ruins of Tezcotzinco, 56
- Baths of Montezuma, 57
- A blot on Nezahaualcoyotl's fame, 57
- a Mexican Harounal Raschid, 58
- his religion, 59
- From anarchy to civilization, 59
- Nezahualpilli, 59
- Decline of Texcuco, 60
- A Texcucan historian, 60
- Legend or fact?, 61 |
53-61 |
VII. - MICHOACAN
- The Land of Fish, 62
- Lonely lakes, 62
- Patzcuaro, 63
- The Place of Delights, 64
- The first settlers, 64
- Ire Titatacame, 65
- A dusky princes, 65
- Tixiacuri, the first king of Michoacan, 66
- The kingdom divided, 66
- Tzintzuntzan, 67
- The glorious reign of Zovanga, 67
- A city of birds, 67
- Fruitless excavations, 68
- The Tarascans, 68 |
62-69 |
VIII. - MAYAS
- The first wave of migration, 70
- Traces of Mayas in Yucatan, 70
- A great empire, 71
- Nachan, the town of serpents, 72
- its ruins discovered, 72
- Palace at Palenque, 72
- Lofty chambers and strange bas-reliefs, 73
- The Temple of the Cross, 74
- An emblem of Christian faith, 75
- Meaning of the bablets, 75
- Chichen-Itza, 76
- A religious centre, 77
- Paintings and bas-reliefs, 78
- Chaak Mool, the tiger-chief, 78
- The beautiful Kinich, 78
- Tomb of Chaak Mool, 78
- Paved roads of Yucatan, 79
- Votan and Zamma, 80
- Mayan legends, 80
- Weapons and armor, 81
- War with the Toltecs, 82 |
70-82 |
IX. - AZTECS
- Best known of the Anahuac tribes, 83
- Aztlan, 83
- The migration, 84
- Six centuries of wanderings, 84
- The name Mexican, 84
- Their adopted home, 84
- Chapultepec, 86
- Driven to the islands, 87
- A wretched life, 87
- Valorof the slaves, 87
- An abiding city, 87
- Tenochtitlan, or Mexico, 88
- Advances in Civilization, 88
- Results of modern research, 80
- A king chosen, 90
- Early years of the kingdom, 91
- The Princess of Cloth, 92
- Canoas, 92
- Chimalpopoca, 94
- The usurpation, 94
- Maxtla, 95 |
83-95 |
X. - MEXICANS
- Itzcoatl, 96
- Alliance with Texcuco, 96
- War with Maxtla, 96
- Victory of the allies, 97
- Fall of the Tepanec monarchy, 97
- "The Valley Confederates," 98
- Reign of Motecuhzoma, 98
- Height of the Mexican power, 98
- Conquest of the Chalcas, 99
- Inundation and famine, 99
- Raid upon neighboring provinces, 100
- Laws of Motecuhzoma, 100
- his successor, 101
- Tizoc, 101
- The Drinking cup of the Eagle, 101
- Human sacrifice, 102
- Temple built by Tizoc, 105
- Dikes, 105
- A despot, 106
- Extent of the kingdom, 106
- Religious fanaticism, 108
- Doubtful records, 109 |
96-110 |
XI. - AZTEC CHARACTER
- Unreliable testimony, 111
- Hieroglyphics, 111
- Paintings, 112
- "Wanderings of the Aztecs," 112
- Religion, 114
- A future life, 114
- Funeral customs, 114
- Domestic life, 115
- Laws, 115
- Music, 115
- The Aztec calendar, 115
- Divisions of time, 116
- Names of days, etc., 117
- Opinions of antiquarians, 117
- The cycle, 118
- Unlucky days, 118
- Agriculture, 119
- Irrigation, 119
- A gentle race, 120
- The Priestesses, 121
- Coatlicue, the goddess of the earth, 122
- Source of Aztec greatness, 122
- A fatal policy, 123 |
111-123 |
XII. - THE LAST OF THE
MONTEZUMAS
- Motechuhzoma Xocoyotzin, 124
- his character, 124
- A coronation festival, 125
- Royal robes, 125
- The life of an Aztec king, 126
- His capital, 126
- Diaz's description, 127
- A life of pleasure, 128
- State correspondence, 128
- Chapultepec, 129
- Montezuma's cypress, 129
- Clouds on the horizon, 130
- Sinister predictions, 130
- The coming of the white men, 131
- An unhappy monarch, 131
- Landing of the strangers, 132
- Velasquez de Leon, 132
- his expedition to Yucatan, 133
- Grijalva visits Mexico, 133
- Montezuma's embassy, 133 |
124-134 |
XIII. - CORTEZ
- Birth, 135
- enters the army, 135
- visits Cuba, 135
- An attractive portrait, 135
- Defects of character, 136
- Velasquez and Grijalva's expedition, 136
- A love story, 137
- Cortes receives a commission, 137
- his companions, 137
- Jealousy of Velasquez, 137
- The squadron, 138
- Jerome d' Agular, 138
- First conflect with the Aztecs, 139
- Palm Sunday, 139
- A happy people, 140
- Rumors of danger, 140
- Presents to the strangers, 141
- Cortes as Quetzalcoatl, 141
- Easter, 141
- A perplexed council, 142
- Mistaken policy, 142
- Vera Cruz, 142
- Cortes visits Cempoallan, 143
- Tlaxcalla, 143
- The ships destroyed, 144 |
135-144 |
XIV. - MALINTZI
- Her birthplace, 145
- The little duchess is made a slave, 145
- Life in Tabasco, 146
- Arrival of Cortes, 146
- Treaty of alliance, 146
- The heiress-slave becomes a Christian, 146
- Marina or Malinche, 146
- A new interpreter,147
- A beautiful picture, 147
- Spendid gifts, 148
- Malintzi's beauty, 149
- her devotion to Cortex, 149
- its result, 149 |
145-150 |
XV. - TLAXCALLA
- An isolated province, 151
- Exaggerated reports, 151
- Efforts for the friendship of the Tlaxcallans, 152
- A trap for Spaniards, 152
- A battle, 152
- Defeat of the Tlaxcallans, 153
- Peace concluded, 153
- Christianity introduced, 153
- Cholula, 154
- Slaughter of the Cholutecas, 154
- Alliance with Ixlilxochitl, 154
- Cacamatzin imprisoned, 155
- Cortes reaches Mexico, 156
- Cortes and Montezuma, 157
- A lesson and a vow, 157 |
151-157 |
XVI. - LA NOCHE TRISTE
- Overtures of friendship, 158
- Bold measures, 159
- Montezuma in the power of the Spaniards, 159
- A rival in the field, 159
- Alvarado, 160
- The feast of Huitzilopochtli, 160
- The Spaniards in danger, 160
- Death of Montezuma, 161
- Mexican traditions, 162
- Cortes abandons the city, 163
- A desperate struggle, 163
- La Noche Triste, 164
- The scene of the battle, 164
- the losses, 165 |
158-165 |
XVII. - CONQUEST
- An integral of peace, 166
- The new emperor, 166
- A legacy of the spaniards, 167
- Cortes in extremis, 167
- The Aztec army, 168
- Battle at Otumba, 170
- The Spaniards, victorius, 170
- Preparations for defence, 171
- The Spanish in Tlaxcalla, 171
- A new army of a new fleet, 172
- The campaign against Mexirau, 173
- Suffering in the city, 174 |
166-179 |
XVIII. - DONA MARINA
- Her position in the camp, 180
- After the victory, 180
- Life at Coyoacan, 180
- Arrival of Dona Catalina, 181
- her death, 182
- Insurrection in Honduras, 182
- Marriage of Marina, 183
- her later life and her death, 183
- Cortes visits Spain, 183
- A second marriage, 183 |
180-183 |
XIX. - INDIANS
- The conquest complete, 184
- The name Indian, 184
- Origin of the Nahuatl trives, 185
- Distinguished from the North American Indian, 186
- Military government, 188
- The Ayuntamiento, 188
- The Audiencia, 188
- Nuno de Guzman, 189
- his cruelty to the natives, 189
- Guadalajara founded, 189
- A second Audiencia, 189
- A viceroy appointed, 190
- Extent of New Spain, 190 |
184-190 |
XX. - THE FIRST OF THE VICEROYS
- Antonio de Mendoza, 191
- his family and character, 191
- Reforms instituted, 191
- Industries encouraged, 192
- The Franciscans, 192
- Fray Pedro, 192
- Foundation of schools and colleges, 193
- Guadalajara and Valladolid, 193
- Michoacan and its people, 194
- The founding of a city, 195
- Spanish families in Mexico, 196
- Jews and Moors banished, 196
- Vasco de Quiroga, 197
- his life in Tarasco, 197
- his church at Trintruntzan, 198
- A wonderful picture, 198
- The cathedral at Morelia, 199
- Cortes goes to Spain, 200
- Popularity of the viceroy, 200
- First Mexican book, 202
- Departure of Mendoza, 202 |
191-202 |
XXI. - FRAY MARTIN DE VALENCIA
- Don Luis de Velasco, second viceroy, 203
- New institutions and industries, 203
- Puebla de las Angeles, 204
- the tradition of its founding, 204
- the situation, 206
- The early ecclesiastics, 207
- The worship of the Virgin, 207
- The "twelve apostles of Mexico,", 208
- Fray Martin of Valencia, 208
- his life in Amecameca, 209
- his death, 210
- Relics of Fray Martin, 211
- An object of reverence, 212
- Death of Valasco, 212
- A well-regulated government, 213 |
203-213 |
XXII. - OTHER VICEROYS
- Events in Spain, 214
- Philip II., 214
- The character of the viceroys, 215
- The Inquisition, 216
- The Quemadero, 216
- Death of Philip, 217
- Inundations, 217
- Martinez and his canal, 218
- Successors of Philip, 219
- Wars of succession, 220
- Revillagigedo, 220;
- anecdotes of his administration, 221 |
214-223 |
XXIII. - HUMBOLDT
- A distinguished visitor, 224
- he arrives in Mexico, 225
- Remarks on the carving, 225
- Academy of fine arts, 226;
- its later history, 227
- The cathedral, 227
- Humboldt at Chapultepec, 228;
- the market, 228
- Teotihuacan, 229
- Mexican mines, 229
- Valenciana, 229
- At Patzcuaro, 230
- The birth of a volcano, 231 |
224-232 |
XXIV. - REVOLUTIONS
- Charles III. of Spain, 233
- his successor, 233
- Branciforte and the statue of Charles IV., 234
- Napoleon invades Spain, 235
- A change of government, 235
- Juntas, 235
- The Bourbons restored, 235 |
233-237 |
XXV. - HILDALGO
- Birth and education, 238
- Colegio de San Nicholas, 238
- He takes orders, 238
- life at Dolores, 240
- bold schemes, 240
- Ignacio Allende, 241
- An important step, 241
- The Grito de Dolores, 242
- A new army, 242
- Attack on Guanajuato, 243
- A brave boy, 243
- The new viceroy, 243
- Hidalgo excommunicated, 244
- Valladolid taken, 245
- Monte de la Cruces, 245
- The insurgents defeated at Aculco, 246
- Hidalgo declared Generalissimo, 246
- Battle of Calderon, 247
- Capture and death of the chiefs, 248
- End of the struggle for independence, 248 |
238-249 |
XXVI. - MORELOS
- Birth and family, 250
- Morelia, 251
- Muleteer and student, 251
- Morelos joins Hidalgo, 251
- Siege of Cuautla, 252
- Acapulco, 252
- First Mexican Congress, 252
- Declaration of independence, 253
- Attack on Valladolid, 253
- Mishaps, 254
- Morelos a prisoner, 254
- Death of Morelos, 255
- his character and aims, 255
- his object achieved, 256 |
250-257 |
XXVII. - YTURBIDE
- The close of Calleja's administration, 258
- The insurgents dispersed, 258
- Apodaca and Guerrero, 259
- Affairs in Spain, 259
- Agustin de Yturbide, 260
- early services, 260
- meets Guerrero, 261
- "Plan of Iguala," 261
- The "three guaranties," 261
- Advance of the insurgents, 262
- The viceroy deposed, 262
- A successful campaign, 263
- O'Donoju, 263
- Treaty of Cordova, 264
- Yturbide enters the capital, 264
- The Regency, 264
- The Mexican Empire founded, 265
- Work of the new government, 265
- Second Mexican Congress, 265
- Yturbide proclaimed Emperor, 266
- Signs of dissatisfaction, 267
- Santa Anna, 267
- The Casa-Masa, 268
- Yturbide banished, 268
- his return to Mexico, 270
- his execution, 270
- character of Yturbide, 271 |
258-271 |
XXVIII. - SANTA ANNA
- A confused story, 272
- Santa Anna, 273
- his connection with Yturbide, 273
- The Constitution, 273
- "Guadalupe" Victoria, 273
- Expulsion of the Spanish, 274
- A presidential election, 274
- Mutiny in the capital, 275
- Colonization of Texas, 276
- Pedraza, 276
- A Spanish invasion, 277
- Santa Anna made Commander-in-Chief, 277
- Bustamente, 278
- Guerrero betrayed and shot, 278
- Santa Anna becomes President, 278
- Farias, 279
- Insurrection in Texas, 279 |
272-280 |
XXIX. - STILL SANTA ANNA
- Louis Philippe, 281
- Reclamacion de los pasteles, 281
- The French repelled, 281
- Santa Anna's home, 282
- Bustamente recalled, 282
- Trouble again, 283
- Mejia, 283
- A revolution described, 284
- Bustamente resigns, 288
- Santa Anna Triumphant, 288 |
281-289 |
XXX. - SOCIETY
- Madame Calderon's journal, 390
- An ambassador from Spain, 290
- State of society, 291
- The Paseo, 291
- The Viga, 292
- Women in Mexico, 292
- Good Friday in Mexico, 294
- Robbers, 297
- Guardias Rurales, 298
- A monarchy proposed, 299 |
290-300 |
XXXI. - RUMORS OF WAR
- Results of the Spanish rule, 301
- Playing at independence, 301
- The appeal to arms, 302
- The country exhausted, 302
- Misfortunes, 304
- The United States, 304
- Spread of its territory, 304
- Colonization of Texas, 305
- Moses Austin, 304
- Revolt against Mexico, 305
- Houston and Santa Anna, 305
- Texas independent, 305
- Annexed to the United States, 306
- Herrera, Farias, and Paredes, 307
- The Mexican army, 308 |
301-310 |
XXXII. - WAR BEGUN
- The beginning of hostilities, 311
- Palo Alto and Resaca de is Palma, 311
- The war carried into Mexico, 312
- Difficulty of negotiation, 312
- "Indemnity for the past," 313
- California, 313
- Policy of the United States, 313
- Monterey taken, 314
- Fremont enters the capital, 316
- Taylor's campaign, 316
- Siege of Monterey, 318
- Ampudia's proclamation, 319
- Paredes and his "Plan," 319
- Santa Anna again, 320
- Fall of Paredes, 321
- Santa Anna at the capital, 321
- A new army, 321 |
311-322 |
XXXIII. - PUEBLA LOST
- Scott before Vera Cruz, 323
- Buena Vista, 323
- Raising money, 323
- The religious orders and their influence, 324
- Wealth of the Church, 326
- Ecclesiastical property seized, 327
- Bombardment of Vera Cruz, 328
- The city surrendes, 328
- Cerro Gordo, 330
- Santa Anna at Puebla, 330
- Puebla occupied by the Americans, 331
- Guadalupe and its surroundings, 331
- Santa Anna as Dictator, 332
- Patriotism aroused, 332 |
323-332 |
XXXIV. - CHAPULTEPEC TAKEN
- The approach to the capital, 333
- Churubusco, 333
- Docile Indians, 333
- Another victory for the Americans, 334
- Molino de Rey, 334
- Chapultepec taken, 336
- Occupation of the capital, 336
- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 338
- Discovery of gold, 338
- Effects of the war, 339
- Attempts to capture Santa Anna, 340
- Santa Anna retires to Jamaica, 341
- Grant in the Mexican war, 341 |
333-341 |
XXXV. - BENITO JUAREZ
- Peace restored, 342
- Herrera and his administration, 342
- Santa Anna again Dictator, 344
- An epoch of reform, 344
- Clerigos and liberales, 344
- Benito Juarez, 344
- restored to office, 346
- A new Constitution, 346
- Juarez becomes President, 346
- Foreign intervention, 347 |
342-347 |
XXXVI. - FRENCH INTERVENTION
- A foreign squadron, 348
- The pretext and the cause, 348
- Spain and England withdraw, 349
- The policy of Napoleon III., 349
- A proposed empire, 349
- Maximilian, 350
- dreams of "the right divine,", 352
- The French troops advance on the capital, 353
- Divisions of Mexico, 353
- The Cinco de Mayo, 354
- A bold attack, 355
- Defence of Puebla, 356 |
348-356 |
XXXVII. - THE EMPIRE UNDER PROTECTION
- The sovereigns arive, 357
- The imperialist party, 357
- Reception of Maximilian, 358
- Relics of royalty, 359
- Military affairs, 360
- The new government, 262
- Chapultepec restored, 363
- Society at the capital, 363
- Apparent prosperity, 364 |
357-364 |
XXXVIII. - THE UNPROTECTED EMPIRE
- Action of the United States, 365
- Responsibility for the intervention, 366
- The final word of Napoleon, 367
- Carlotta goes to Europe, 368
- Her interview with Napoleon, 369
- Maximilian leaves the capital, 370
- At Orizaba, 371
- Father Fischer, 371
- The Emperor's manifesto, 372 |
365-372 |
XXXIX. - MAXIMILIAN
- The French army withdrawn, 373
- Advance of Juarez, 374
- The Emperor and his attendants, 374
- Investments of Queretaro, 375
- Marquez and Diaz, 375
- Personal appearance of the Emperor, 376
- The treachery of Lopez, 377
- Maximilian a prisoner, 378
- his death, 380 |
373-382 |
XL. - END OF THE EPISODE
- General Vidaurri, 383
- The escape of Marquez, 384
- General Diaz, 384
- Puebla, 385
- Vigor of the liberal government, 385 |
383-385 |
XLI. - THE LAST OF SANTA
ANNA
- Juarez enters of capital, 386
- Peace established, 387
- Santa Anna in retirement, 387
- his exile and death, 388
- Character of Juarez, 389
- Civil war again, 390
- Death of Juarez, 390
- Lerdo becomes President, 391 |
386-391 |
XLII. - PORFIRIO DIAZ
- A new "Plan", 392
- Birthplace of Diaz, 392
- Scenery of Oaxaca, 393
- The Zapotecas, 393
- Ruins of Mitla, 394
- Early life of Diaz, 394
- his military achievements, 395
- An escape from hostile troops, 396
- Triumph of the opposition, 396
- Diaz proclaimed President, 397
- Presidency of Gonsalez, 398
- Policy of Diaz, 399
- Chapultepec at the present day, 399
- Hope for the Indiana, 400
- Prospects of development, 401 |
392-401 |
XLIII. - PHYSICAL
ADVANTAGES
- Climate and vegetation, 402
- Mexican flora, 403
- The market-place, 404
- A family group, 404
- Native pottery, 405
- The cargador, 405
- Wearing apparel, 406
- Serape and rebozo, 406, 407
- The cotton industry, 408
- The source of Mexican wealth, 409 |
402-411 |
XLIV. - FUTURE
- Influence of the Catholic Fathers, 412
- Extinction of monasteries, 412
- The parish priest, 413
- The Mozarabic liturgy, 413
- A missionary field, 414
- The policy of the government, 414
- Schools, 415
- Literature in modern Mexico, 416
- The Mexican-Spaniard, 417
- Railways, 418
- 'brighter days to come, 419 |
412-419 |
| INDEX |
421 |
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