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     Thus Protestantism was planted in Ireland.  Its Scotch advocates, like the Jews, have maintained a separate existence, refusing to intermarry with their Irish neighbors.  Protestant in religion, they have steadily refused to unite with the Irish, Celtic in origin and Roman Catholic in faith.  This marked isolation has continued through a period of more than 250 years.
     In the succeeding  reign of Charles I (1625-49), a spirit of bitter retaliation was engendered, on the part of the native irish, against this foreign element, resulting in a most deplorable condition of affairs.  Incited by two ambitious and unscrupulous leaders, Rober More and Philim O'Neale, the Irish Catholics began, Oct. 27, 1741, a massacre which continued until more than 40,000 victims were slaughtered.
     Owing to these persecutions and others of similar nature during the succeeding century, owing to the want of religious toleration by the reigning powers, owning to their inability to renew their land rents on satisfactory terms and owing to the general freedom offered them by William Penn in his new American colony - free lands, free speech, free worship and free government - these Scotch settlers left the north of Ireland and came to America by thousands, where they are known as Scotch-Irish.
     According to Watson, these "immigrants did not come to Pennsylvania as soon as the Germans," few, if any, arriving prior to 1719.  The first arrivals usually settled near the disputed line between Maryland and Pennsylvania.  James Logan (an intelligent and influential representative of the Penn government, and though of Irish extraction thoroughly in sympathy with the Quaker principles) complains, in 1724, to the proprietaries of these people as "bold and indigent strangers" because they had taken up lands near the disputed line without securing proper authority from him as the representative of the Government.  In 1725 he stated that at least 100,000 acres of land were possessed "by persons (including Germans) who resolutely set down and improved it without any right to it," and that he was "much at a loss to determine how to dispossess them."  In 1728, 4,500 persons, chiefly from Ireland, arrived in New Castle.  In 1729 Logan expressed his gratification that parliament was "about to take measures to prevent the too free emigration to this country," intimating that the prospects were that Ireland was about "to send all her inhabitants hither, for last week not less than six ships arrived."  "It is strange," continued he, "that they thus crowd where they are not wanted.  The common fear is that if they continue to come, they will make themselves proprietors of the province."  In 1730 he again complains of them as "audacious and disorderly" for having, by force, taken possession of the Conestoga Manor, containing 15,000 acres of the "best land in the country."  Of this they were, by the sheriff, subsequently dispossessed and their cabins burned.  About the same time, he says, in another letter, "I must own, from my own
experience in the land office, that the settlement of five families from Ireland gives me more trouble than fifty of any other people."
     The captious spirit manifested by Logan against both German and Scotch-Irish settlers, and especially the latter, and which was subsequently shared, to some extent, by Peters, Dickinson and Franklin, is readily accounted for by his fear of losing his position in the Government, should any other than the Quaker influence prevail.
     From 1730 to 1740 the influx was great.  Settlements were commenced in Cumberland (then Lancaster) County in 1730 and 1731, the Chambers brothers having crossed west of the Susquehanna about that time.  After 1736, during the month of September, in which year alone 1,000 families are said to have sailed from Belfast, the influx into the Kittochtinny Valley, west of

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the Susquehanna increased rapidly; for, in 1748, the number of taxables, not counting the fifty Germans, was about 800.
     Soon after the erection of Cumberland County (1750), "in consequence of the frequent disturbances between the governor and Irish settlers, the proprietaries gave orders to their agents to sell no lands in either York or Lancaster Counties to the Irish; and also to make to the Irish settlers in Paxton, Swatara and Donegal Townships advantageous offers of removal to Cumberland County, which offers being liberal were accepted by many."
     Injustice has been done to the Scotch-Irish settlers of these early days by two classes of writers:  first, those who were actuated by jealousy, as was Logan, in his inability to see good in any classes not directly connected with the original Friend or Penn element; secondly, those who have failed to study carefully the circumstances which surrounded the Scotch-Irish immigrants in their settlements and conduct toward the Indians.  Under these circumstances we are not surprised to hear Mr. Sherman Day in his Historical Collections of Pennsylvania, call them "a pertinacious and pugnacious race,"  "pushing their settlements upon unpurchased lands about the Juniata, producing fresh exasperation among the Indians." "As the result of this," he continues, "massacres ensued, the settlers were driven below the mountains, and the whole province was alive with the alarms and excitements of war."
     In reply to these serious charges, Judge George Chambers, in his "Tribute to the Principles, Virtues, Habits and Public Usefulness of the Irish and Scotch Early Settlers of Pennsylvania," a carefully written and most admirable little book, enters a most emphatic protest.  Without attempting to present in detail the facts which enable him to reach his conclusions, we give a brief summary of his argument:  Admitting the aggressive character of the early Scotch-Irish settlers in pushing into the forests and occupying lands, the outrages and massacres by the Indians were, nevertheless, not the direct result of these encroachments, but a retaliatory protest against the unjust manner in which their lands and hunting grounds had been taken from them by so-called purchases and treaties with the government. By the cession of 1737, the Indians were to convey lands on the Delaware to extend back into the woods as far as man can go in one day and a half.  By the treaty of Albany, in 1754, between the Proprietary of Pennsylvania and the Six Nations, nearly all the lands claimed by them in the province were ceded for the small sum of £400.  The dissatisfaction produced by this cession, which the Indians claim they did not understand, was fanned by the French into open hostility, manifesting itself in the indiscriminate and wholesale devastation and massacres following the Braddock campaign.  The wrongs of the government, and not the encroachments of a few daring settlers, it is claimed by Mr. Chambers, produced these destructive Indian outrages.  Gov. Morris, in his address to the Assembly, of November 3, 1755, clearly reminds them "that it seemed clear, from the different accounts he had received, that the French had gained to their interest the Delaware and Shawnese Indians, under the ensnaring pretense of restoring them to their country."
     The Assembly, in their reply to Gov. Denny, in June, 1757, say: "It is rendered beyond contradiction plain, that the cause of the present Indian incursions in this province, and the dreadful calamities many of the inhabitants have suffered, have arisen, in a great measure, from the exorbitant and unreasonable purchases made, or supposed to be made of the Indians, and the manner of making them—so exorbitant, that the natives complain that they have not a country left to subsist in."—Smith's Laws.
     A careful study of these people clearly shows that, while they were aggress-

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ive, they moved along the line of a higher civilization; while they were firm in their convictions, they advocated the rights of man to liberty of thought and action; while they cherished many of the institutions and beliefs of the old country, they were intensely patriotic and loyal to the new; and while they possessed what they regarded the best lands, they were just in their dealings with the untutored red man.  These were the people who laid broad and deep the foundations of social, educational and religious liberty in America.
     The German immigrants, as a class, were hardy, industrious, honest and economical, retaining, to a great extent, the prejudices, superstitions, manners, language and characteristics of the fatherland.  Like the Scotch-Irish, their migration to America was the result of a deprivation of certain religious rights in their native countries, and a desire to improve their physical condition in the new world.
     Like the Scotch-Irish, they, too were Protestants, belonging to different denominations:  (1) The Swiss Mennonites were among the earliest to come, about the beginning of the last century, and settled in the neighborhood of Philadelphia and at Pequea and other points in what is now Lancaster County.  They were orderly, honest, peaceable and advocates of non-resistant or peace principles.  (2) German Baptists (Dunkards), Moravians, Seventh-day Baptists.  (3) Lutherans and German Reformed, the latter two constituting the great body of the arrivals, and furnishing the aggressive element of the new settles.  They came later than the others and entered new fields.
     Many of these early Germans, having first located in the State of New York, were dissatisfied with the unjust treatment receied at the hands of the authorities, and therefore came to Pennsylvania.  They wrote messages to their friends in Europe, advising them to shun New York and come direct to the province of Penn, which afforded superior inducements.
     Their arrivals in the province were, briefly:  Henry Frey came two years earlier than William Penn and one Platenbach a few years later.  In 1682 a colony arrived and formed a settlement at Germantown; and in 1684-85, a company of ten persons was formed in Germany, called the Frankfort Land Company, of which F. D. Pastorius was appointed attorney.  They bought 25,000 acres of land from Penn, in addition to other tracts.  From 1700 to 1720, the Palatines, so called because they sprang principally from the Palatinate in Germany, whither they had been driven by persecutions in various parts of Europe, came in vast numbers.  They suffered great privations.  In 1708-09, more than 10,000 went to England, where, in a sickly and starving condition they were cared for by the generous Queen Anne who, at an expense to herself of  £135,775, alleviated their sufferings in that country and assisted them to come to New York and Pennsylvania.  Their number was so great as to draw from James Logan, secretary of the province of Pennsylvania in 1717, the remark:  "We have, of late, a great number of Palatines poured in upon us without any recommendation or notice, which gives the country some uneasiness; for foreigners do not so well among us as our own English people."  In 1719 Jonathan Dickinson said: "We are daily expecting ships rom London, which bring over Palatines, in number about six or seven thousand."
     The arrivals from 1720 to 1730 were so numerous as to produce some alarm lest the colony should become a German one.  Says Rupp:  "To arrest in some degree the influx of Germanss, the assembly assessed a tax of twenty shillings a head on newly arrived servants; for as early as 1722 there were a number of Palatine servants or Redemptioners sold to serve a term of three or four years at  £10 each to pay their freight."
     From 1730 to 1740, about sixty-five vessels well filled with immigrants,

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having with them their own preachers and teachers, landed at Philadelphia, from which they scattered in various directions; many of these located in York County.
     From 1740 to 1755, more than a hundred vessels arrived, some of them, though small, containing from 500 to 600 passengers.  In the summer and autumn of 1749, not less than 12,000 came.  This period—1740 to 1755 — witnessed many outrages upon the unsuspecting passengers.  Within the State were certain Germans known as neulaenders, who, having resided in this country long enough to understand the business, profited by the ignorance and credulity of their own people abroad.  Going to various parts of Germany and presenting the new world in glowing colors, they induced, by misrepresentations and fraudulent practices, many of their friends and kinsmen to sell, and in some cases even to abandon their property and forsake their firesides in order to reach this new land of promise.  Many, starting with inadequate means, were unable to pay their passage, and on arriving were sold for a series of years as servants, to liquidate their claims.  These were called redemptioners, or Palatine servants.
     The number of Germans in Pennsylvania about 1755 was from 60,000 to 70,000.  About nine-tenths of the first settlers of York County, then including Adams, were Germans.  The great influx into Cumberland County which, with the exception of a few English, was settled almost exclusively by Scotch and Scotch-Irish, began about 1770; though as early as the period from 1736 to 1745, there were found in the Conococheague settlements, the Snivelys, Schneiders, Piscackers, Liepers, Ledermans, Haricks, Laws, Kolps, Gabriels, Ringers, Steiners, Senseneys, Radebachs, Reischers, Wolffs, Schneidts.*  Rev. Michael Schlatter, a German reformed minister,  in a letter dated May 9, 1748, thus describes a visit through the valley:  "On the Conogogig we reached the house of an honest Schweitzer [supposed to be Jacob Snively, of Antrim Township,] where we received kind entertainment with thankfulness.  In this neighborhood there are very fine lands for cultivation and pasture, exceedingly fruitful without the application of manures.  Turkish corn (Indian maize) grows to the height of ten feet and higher, and the grasses are remarkably fine.  Hereabout, there still remain a good number of Indians, the original dwellers of the soil.  They are hospitable and quiet, and well affected to the Christians until the latter make them drunk with strong drink."
     The original German has, by imperceptible changes, been gradually transformed into a being very unlike the original, known as the Pennsylvania Dutch.  The latter has in him more of the democratic spirit, which ignores the clannishness of the olden time and forms friendships and alliances with people of other nationalities.  The dialect, Pennsylvania Dutch, is sui generis an anomaly in the domain of language.  Its possessor is a cosmopolitan, fond of social life, ambitious and industrious, and in these latter days quite fond of public office and other "soft places."  He is destined to take the land.
     The three original counties of Pennsylvania, established by William Penn in 1682, were Chester, Philadelphia and Bucks.  Chester County included all the land (except a small portion of Philadelphia County) southwest of the Schuylkill to the extreme limits of the State.  Lancaster County was formed and taken from Chester May 10, 1729; York was taken from Lancaster Aug. 9, 1749.  Cumberland County remained a part of Lancaster until it was itself erected a separate county, Jan. 27, 1750.  Franklin County, the then southwestern part of Cumberland, and known as the "Conococheague Settlement," was established Sept. 9, 1784.  To understand the early history of this county, the reader will need, therefore, to bear in mind two facts:
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     * Rupp.

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     1. Prior to Jan.27, 1750, its territory (with the exception of Warren Township) was found in the county of Lancaster.
     2. From Jan. 27, 1750, to Sept. 9, 1784, it belonged to Cumberland County.  Since the latter date (Sept. 9, 1784,) it has had a distinct organization of its own.
     Long prior to Greeley's famous advice,  "Go west, young man," or Bishop Berkley's oft-quoted "Westward the course of empire takes its way," the tide of migration was toward the setting sun.  Since the race began, the line of movement has been along the parallels, and in the direction of the receding darkness.  The early settlers of the Kittatinny or Cumberland Valley came from the older eastern counties, where they located soon after their landing on the Atlantic coast.  No record exists of those who may have wandered through this region on prospecting or hunting tours, if any such adventurers ever did make these hazardous trips.  As early as 1719, John Harris had commenced a settlement near the present site of Harrisburg, and for many years afterward ran a ferry across the Susquehanna at that point known as Harris' Ferry.  On either side of  the river were Indian villages, the one where Harris lived being known as Peixtan or Paxtan.  On the western side of the river, at the mouth of the Conodoguinet, at the present site of Bridgeport, and at the mouth of the Yellow Breeches, were three Indians towns, at which trading posts were established.  At the last-named place, James Chartier, an Indian trader, had a store and landing place.  It is claimed by some that James Le Tort, one of these traders, after whom the beautiful stream in Cumberland County was named, lived at a very early period at a place called Beaver Pond, near the present site of Carlisle.
     What is now Cumberland County had settlements at various points away from the river.  Richard Parker and his wife settled three miles north of Carlisle in 1724.  His application at the land office in 1734 was for a warrant to land on which he "had resided ye ten years past."  George Croghan, an Indian trader, whose name occurs frequently in early records, lived about five miles from the river on the north side of the Conodoguinet.  He owned tracts in various parts of the county, a large one being north of Shippensburg.  He did not cultivate all these, but changed about as his convenience and trade demanded.  He was an Irishman of common education, and in later years lived at Aughwick or Old Town, west of the North Mountains, where he was trusted as an Indian agent.  In the settlement commenced by James Chambers near Newville, then known as Big Spring, a group of inhabitants, so numerous as to form and support a religious society as early as 1738, was found, consisting of David Ralston, Robert Patterson, James McKehan, John Carson, John Erwin, Richard Fulton, Samuel McCullough and Samuel Boyd.  Robert Chambers, brother of the preceding, as well as of Benjamin, who located at Falling Spring, formed a prosperous settlement near Middle Spring, about two miles north of Shippensburg, at the same early date.  The first settlers were such men as Hugh and David Herron, Robert McComb, Alexander and James Young, Alelxander McNutt, Archibald, John and Robert MAchan, James Scott, Alexander Sterrett, Wm. and John Piper, Hugh and Joseph Brady, John and Robert McCune and Charles Morrow.  In asking that the State road, which was laid out in 1735-36, might be directed through that neighborhood rather than through Shippensburg, the petitioners claimed that theirs was the more thickly settled part.   By some * it is claimed that in the Middle Spring settlement the first land in the Cumberland Valley taken under
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     *Historical discourse of Rev. S. S. Wylie at the Centennial celebration of Middle Spring.  This claim, however, is incorrect.  Blunston's license to Benjamin Chambers at Falling Spring was dated March 30, 1734.

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authority of the "Blunston Licenses*" and assigned to Benjamin Furley, was located.  According to the record in the county surveyor's office at Chambersburg, this tract, embracing some 1,094 acres and allowances, warranted De. 16, 1735, and surveyed Apr. 15, 1738, was situated on the Conodoguinet Creek in what was then Pennsborough Township, Lancaster County, but now Southampton Township, Franklin County.  It was subsequently occupied by William, David, James and Francis Herron.  William Young and John Watt.
     Where Shippenburg now stands, a settlement was made as early as 1730.  In June of that year, according to Hon. John McCurdy, the following persons came to that locality and built their habitations:  Alexander Steen, John McCall, Richard Morrow, Gavin Morrow, John Culbertson, Hugh Rippey, John Rippey, John Strain, Alexander Askey, John McAllister, David Magaw and John Johnson.  They were soon followed by Benjamin Blythe, John
Campbell and Robert Caskey.  From this settlement ultimately sprang a village older than any other in the Cumberland Valley.  It was a distributing point for settlers, and hence important, as will be shown by the following letter written therefrom:

     The first settlement in what is now Franklin County, was made in 1730, at Falling Spring (now Chambersburg) - the confluence of the two streams, Falling Spring and Conococheague - by Col. Benjamin Chambers and his older brother, Joseph.  Between 1726 and 1730, four brothers, James, Robert, Joseph and Benjamin Chambers, emigrated from the county of Antrim, Ireland, to the province of Pennsylvania.  They settled and built a mill shortly after their arrival, at the mouth of Fishing Creek, in what is now Dauphin County.
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     * Samuel Blunston of Wright's Ferry (now Columbia) was authorized by the proprietaries to make a partial survey of land and to grant to settlers permission to take up and improve, or continue to improve, such lands as they desired, with the promise that a more perfect title should be given them when the Indian claims should be extinguished.  The Indians were also assured that these claims would be satisfied as soon as the pending Indian treaties should be completed.  The first of these licenses was dated Jan. 24, 1733-34 and the last October 31, 1737.  Appended is a copy of one of these:

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where they occupied a tract of fine land.   These brothers were among the first to explore and settle the valley.  James made a settlement at the head of Great Spring, near Newville; Robert, at the head of Middle Spring, near Shippensburg, and Joseph and Benjamin at Falling Spring, where Chambersburg now stands.
     By an arrangement among the brothers, Joseph returned to supervise their property at the mouth of Fishing Creek, and Benjamin remained to develop the settlement at Falling Spring.  He built a one-storied hewed-log house which he covered with lapped cedar shingles secured by nails—an innovation upon the prevailing style of architecture, which consisted of a round log structure covered with a roof of clapboards, held in position by beams and wooden pins.  Having completed this, the finest residence in the settlement, he addressed himself to clearing land, erecting necessary buildings and planning the future growth of the colony.  Some time after this, Benjamin had occasion to visit his former homestead at Fishing Creek.  Returning, he found his house had been burned by some avaricious person for the ''sake of the nails,'' which were a rarity in those days.
     Subsequently Mr. Chambers received what was then the only authority for the taking up and occupying of land.  The following is a copy of the interesting instrument, which was a narrow strip of common writing paper, the chirography on which would not stand the crucial test of modern straight lines, ovals and right and left curves.

     A mill-wright by occupation, he at once erected a saw-mill and subsequently a flouring mill.  These were both indispensable to the comfort and growth of the settlement, and were evidently heralded as strong inducements for others to cast in  their lot with this growing colony.  The saw-mill stood on what is known as the "Island," a few rods northwest of where the woolen-mill now stands; the flouring-mill, constructed mainly of logs, stood near the residence of its owner.  It was shortly destroyed by fire, but its place was occupied by a new one whose walls were made of stone.
     Benjamin Chambers was upward of twenty one years of age when he settled at Falling Spring.  His death occurring Feb. 17, 1788, in his eightieth year, he must have been born about 1708 or 1709.  Shortly after (1741), he married a Miss Patterson, residing near Lancaster, who was the mother of his eldest son, James.  She lived but a few years.  In 1848 he married a second time, his choice being a Miss Williams, the daughter of a Welsh clergyman living in Virginia.  She bore seven children, viz.:  Ruhamah, married to Dr. Calhoun; William; Benjamin; Jane, married to Adam Ross; Joseph, George and Hetty, married to Wm. M. Brown, Esq.
     He used his influence with his acquaintances to settle in his neighborhood, directing their attention to desirable locations for farms.  He was early commissioned a justice of the peace, and later a colonel of the militia organized.  He served as a daysman to adjust many controversies between his neighbors, and thus became a general counselor in the community.   During the controversy between Lord Baltimore and the Penns, concerning the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland, he went to England to assist, by  his evidence and advice, in the adjustment of the difficulties involved.  From England he went

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to Ireland, his native soil, where he induced many acquaintances with their families to remove to his new settlement.
     In 1764 Col. Chambers laid out the town of Chambersburg, whose history is sketched elsewhere in this volume.  The history of this sturdy early settler is the history of the county and of the commonwealth for more than half a century.  From the time he landed at the Falling Spring till his declining health rendered further activity impossible, he was the acknowledged leader of the people in all civil, military and religious movements.
     We have no means osf determining the exact order of settlements in the other parts of the county.
     In what is Antrim Township there must have been settlers as early as 1734.  In the Johnston graveyard, near Shady Grove, is a tablet bearing the name of James Johnston, who died in 1765.  "From documents still extant," says the inscription, '' he settled on the land on which he died as early as 1735, and was probably the first white settler in what is now Antrim Township, Franklin County."  He had two sons, James and Thomas, both of whom were colonels in the Revolutionary war.  About the same time settlements were made near the present site of Green Castle, by Joseph Crunkleton, Jacob Snively and James Body.  Snively was the progenitor of a large and respectable family, many of whom still live in the township, concerning whom much will be said in the township and biographical sketches.*
     At that time the settlements in the county were known in the aggregate as the "Conococheague Settlement."  Owing to the peculiar condition of land arrangements, settlers occupied certain tracts by virtue of a sort of "squatter possession," each one choosing a site according to his taste.  Hence, families lived, often, for a series of years on tracts before they received proper legal authority for the same.
     On the west bank of the Conococheague, near the present site of Bridgeport, in Peters Township, settled William McDowell in 1730 or 1731.  He had a large family of sons and daughters, who became prominent in the subsequent development of the country.  The records of the surveyor's office show that warrants for land were held in what is Peters Township, as early as 1737, by Rev. John Black and Samuel Harris; 1738, Andrew McCleary; 1742, Henry Johnston and John Taylor; 1743, James Glenn, William Burney and James McClellan; 1744, Robert McClellan.  By McCauley it is claimed that some of these were settlers as early as 1730.  They were mainly Scotch-Irish, as will be seen by the names. 
     Path Valley had early settlers, likewise.  The records of the surveyor's office show that Samuel Bechtel had a warrant in what is now Fannett Township, for 176 acres, which bore date Jan. 24, 1737, and was surveyed the 24th of the following May by Zach. Butcher, deputy surveyor.  At that time it was in Hopewell Township, Lancaster County.  The same records show that Thomas Doyle had a warrant in same region for 530 acres, dated Nov. 29, 1737, and surveyed December 30 following.  Neither of these men had neighbors immediately adjoining them, showing the settlements to be sparse.  Settlements must have been made quite rapidly in the valley, notwithstanding its ownership by the Indians; for in 1750 Richard Peters, secretary of the commonwealth, in a letter to the governor dated July 2, in which he gives an account of the removal of certain citizens because of their encroachments on interdicted territory, says:  "On Wednesday, the 30th of May, the magis-
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     * Some of the earliest warrants found in the surveyor's office bear date as follows: 1737, John Mitchell, David McGaw; 1738 David Scott, George Reynolds; 1740-42, David Kennedy, Humphrey Jones; 1743-60, John Potter, Samuel McPherren, John Brotherton, Robert Wallace, William Magaw, Thomas Foe, George Gibson, William Smith, Jacob Snively, William Allison, Abraham Gable and John Davison.

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trates* and company†, being detained two days by rain, proceeded over the Kittochtinny Mountains, and entered into Tuscara [Tuscarora] Path or Path Valley, through which the road to Alleghany lies.  Many settlements were formed in this valley, and all the people were sent for, and the following persons appeared, viz.:  Abraham Slach, James Blair, Moses Moore, Arthur Dunlap, Alexander McCartie, David Lewis, Adam McCartie, Felix Doyle, Andrew Dunlap, Robert Wilson, Jacob Pyatt, Jacob Pyatt, Jr., William Ramage, Reynolds Alexander, Samuel Patterson, Robert Baker, John Armstrong and John Potts, who were all convicted, by their own confession to the magistrates, of the like trespasses with those at Shearman's Creek, and were bound in the like recognizances to appear at court, and  [give] bonds to the proprietaries to remove, with all their families, servants, cattle and effects, and having all voluntarily given possession of their houses to me, some ordinary log houses, to the number of eleven, were burnt to the ground, the trespassers, most of them cheerfully and a very few of them with reluctance, carrying out all their goods.  Some had been deserted before, and lay waste."
     John Hastin was one of the early settlers on the line of Lurgan and Letterkenny Townships.  He may have radiated from Shippensburg as a center.  The statement of his survey, made by Zach Butcher, D. S., Nov. 4, 1736, says:  "By virtue of a warrant from the honorable proprietaries, bearing date ____, I have surveyed and laid out unto John Hastin, in the township of Hopewell, in the county of Lancaster, on the west side of the Susquehanna River, six hundred and three acres of land with allowance of six per cent."  The warrant, it seems, though no date is given, was of prior time.  Francis and Samuel Jones are represented as neighbors.
     John Reynolds had a warrant for land, in what is now Lurgan Township, dated Oct. 6, 1738, and surveyed May 16, 1743.  His neighbors at the time were Robert Edmonson, Samuel Reynolds and Edward Shippen, Esq.  In what is now Hamilton Township, warrants were issued in 1737 to Matthew Patton and George Leonard; in 1738 to David Black and Samuel Morehead.  Their neighbors at the time were Samuel Jones, Nathaniel Newlins, Robert Patton, James Brotherton, Adam Hoops, Benjamin Gass, James Young, Thomas Morehead and Thomas Patterson.  In Montgomery, as it now exists, was Philip Davis in 1737; James Harland and John  Davyrich were his neighbors; in 1740, Thomas Evans, with David Alexander, John Davis and Aaron Alexander as neighbors; and in same year, Robert Culbertson, with  William and Thomas Dinwiddy and James Gardner as neighbors.  About the same time, also, Alexander Brown, Thomas Sellers, John McClellan, Walter Beatty, Alex White, Wilson Halliday and Martha Howry were settlers.  In the present Southampton, Rev. John Blair and Thomas Edmundson had warrants as early as 1743.
     In St. Thomas were, 1738, Thomas Armstrong; in 1742, John Holliday; 1743 adn 1744, Robet Clugadge, James Campbell, George Galloway, Michael Campbell, William Campbell, George Cuming, John McConnell, Samuel McClintock, Robert Richey.
     In Greene the oldest warrant found was that of Joseph Culbertson, in 1744.  Alexander Culbertson had one dated 1749.  Their neighbors at the time were John Neal, William Carr, Reuben Gillespie, John Stump  This settlement was known as Culbertson's Row.
     At the early period we have thus far borne in mind, Little Cove seems not
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     *Matthew Dill, George Croghan, Benjamin Chambers, Thomas Wilson, John Findlay and James Galbreath, Esqs., justices of the county of Cumberland.
     †Under-sheriff of Cumberland County.

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to have been settled, it being greatly exposed to Indian depredations.  As a rule, warrrants date from 1755, the earliest one found, to 1769, between which dates are found Enoch Williams, Rees Shelby, William Smith, William Pindell, Evan Phillips, Samuel Owen, James McClellan, Hugh Martin, John Martin, David Huston, Lewis David Brown.
     Washington Township, it seems, was not settled so early as some of the eastern and southwestern districts.  It and Quincy Township became largely the homes of the Germans, who crossed South Mountain from York and Adams Counties.  Warrants from 1743 to 1750 embrace Michael Legate, John Markley, John Moorhead, James Johnston, Jacob Beesecker, Edward Nichols, Michael Raumsawher, Mathias Ringer, John Stoner, John Steiner, John Snowberger, James Whitehead and John Wallace.
     In Quincy, between same dates, George Cook, William Patrick, John Leeper, James Jack.
     It is much to be regretted that the names of these early pioneers, who struggled so heroically against the wilds of the forest and the depredations of the savages, have not been more carefully preserved.  We append, however, a list of taxable names in 1751 and 1752.   From it may be learned the general locations of these settlers:

TAXABLES' NAMES, 1751 AND 1752

     In Antrim Township - which embraced the territory now in Antrim, Washington and Quincy Townships - the taxables' names were as follows:
 

FREEMEN:

     In Guilford - including what is now Chambersburg -

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     Freemen:

     In Hamilton - which then included the present township of Hamilton and about one-half of the present township of St. Thomas -

Freeman:

     In Lurgan - which then included the present townships of Lurgan, Letterkenny, Southampton and Greene -

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Freemen:

     In Peters Township - which then included the present township of Peters and Montgomery, and that part of St. Thomas Township west of Campbell's Run -  

Freemen:

     One of the complications in earlier times, along the southern portion of the county, was the difficulty which settlers had in determining whether their possessions were in Pennsylvania or Maryland.  This involved the famous Mason and Dixon's line.
     This remarkable line, alluded to by political writers and speakers through the whole period of our national existence, and even anterior to it, is named in honor of its surveyors, and marks the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland.  Since 1820, when John Randolph was continually harping on the words "Mason and Dixon Line," as Felix Walker, of North Carolina, was on "Buncombe," one of the counties of his district, it has been the line of demarkation between two distinct schools of politicians, the representatives of two opposing sections of territory.
     The original controversy between the States, thus lying side by side, was waged with great spirit and varying results between the Lords Baltimore

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and the Penn family, from 1682 to 1767.  These various phases, interesting and exciting in themselves, can not here be given.  The reader is referred to the special works which trace the controversy.  It needs simply to be stated briefly that "on the 4th of August, 1763, the Penns - Thomas and Richard, and Frederick Lord Baltimore, then being together in London, agreed with Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two mathematicians and surveyors, to mark, run out, settle, fix and determine all such parts of the circle, marks, lines and boundaries, as were mentioned in the several articles or commissions, and were not yet completed; that Mason and Dixon arrived in Philadelphia, Nov. 15, 1763, received their instructions from the commissioners of the two provinces, Dec. 9, 1763, and forthwith engaged in the work assigned them; that they ascertained the latitude of the southernmost part of the city of Philadelphia (viz.: 39º 56' 29.1" north - or, more accurately, according to Col. Graham, 39º  56' 37.4"), which was agreed to be in the north wall of the house then occupied by Thomas Plumstead and Joseph Huddle, on the south side of Cedar Street; and then, in January and February, 1764, they measured thirty-one miles westward of the city to the forks of the Brandywine, where they planted a quartzose stone, known then, and to this day, in the vicinage, as the star-gazer's stone; that, in the spring of 1764, they ran, from said stone, a due south line fifteen English statute miles, horizontally measured by levels, each twenty feet in length, to a post marked 'west;' that they then repaired to a post marked 'middle,' at the middle point of the peninsula; west line running from Cape Henlopen to Chesapeake Bay, and thence during the summer of 1764, they ran, marked and described the tangent line agreed on by the proprietaries.  Then, in the autumn of 1764, from the post marked 'west,' at fifteen miles south of Philadelphia they set off and produced a parallel of latitude westward, as far as the river Susquehanna; then they went to the tangent point, and in 1764-65 ran thence a meridian line northward until it intersected the said parallel of latitude, at the distance of five miles, one chain and fifty links - thus and there determining and fixing the northeast corner of Maryland.  Next, in 1765, they described such portion of the semi-circle around New Castle, as fell westward of the said meridian, or due north lilne from the tangent point.  This little bow, or are, reaching into Maryland, is about a mile and a half long, and its middle width, 116 feet; from its upper end, where the three States join, to the fifteen-mile point, where the great Mason and Dixon's line begins, is a little over three and a half miles; and from the fifteen-mile corner due east to the circle,is a little over three-quarters of a mile - room enough for three or four good Chester County farms.  This was the only part of the circle which Mason and Dixon ran."
     In 1766-667 they continued the west line beyond the Susquehanna, extending the same to the distance of 230 miles, 18 chains and 21 links from the northeast corner of Maryland near to an Indian war-path, on the borders of a stream called Dunkard Creek.  The hostile attitude of the Indians prevented Mason and Dixon from continuing the line to the western boundary of Pennsylvania.  The remainder of the line, less than twenty miles, was subsequently run (1782) by other surveyors.  The portion run by Mason and Dixon and certified by commissions Nov. 9, 1768, as having been properly marked by stones distant one mile from each other, every fifth mile-stone having on the north face the arms of Thomas and Richard Penn, and on the south face the arms of Lord Baltimore.  These stones were o_litic rock, imported for the purpose form England.
     The surveyors were paid twenty-one shillings each per day for services and expenses, from the time they came to this country till they reached Eng-

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James O. Carson

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land.  The amount paid by the Penns from 1760 to 1768 was  £34,200, Pennsylvania Currency.

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