|
CHAPTER I. - INTRODUCTORY |
1 |
| |
-
Russia's Share in America
- Physical Features of Alaska
- Configuration and Climate
- The Southern Crescent
- The Tumbled Mountains
- Volcanoes and Islands
- Vegetation
- California-Japan Current
- Arctic Seaboard and the Interior
- Condition and Character of the Russians in the Sixteenth Century
- Serfs, Merchants, and Nobles
- The Fur Currency
- Foreign Commercial Relations
- England in the White and Caspian Seas
- Easern Progress of the Russian Empire
- The North-east Passage |
|
|
CHAPTER II. - THE
CENTURY-MARCH OF THE COSSACKS - 1578-1724 |
14 |
| |
-
Siberia the Russian Canaan
- From the Black and Caspian Seas over the Ural Mountains
- Stroganof, the Salt-miner
- Visit of Yermak
- Occupation of the Ob by the Cossacks
- Character of the Conquerors
- Their Ostrog on the Tobol
- The Straight Line of March thence to Okhotak on the Pacific
- The Promyshleniki
- Lena River Reached
- Ten Cossacks against Ten Thousand
- Yakutski Ostrog
- Exploration of the Amoor
- Discoveries on the Arctic Seaboard
- Ivory versus Skins
- The Land of the Chukchi Invaded
- Okhotsk Established
- Kamchatka Occupied
- Rumors of Realms Beyond |
|
|
CHAPTER III. - THE
KAMCHATKA EXPEDITIONS - 1725-1740 |
35 |
| |
-
Purposes of Peter the Great
- An Expedition Organized
- Sets out from St. Petersburg
- Death of the Tsar
- His Efforts Seconded by Catherine and Elizabeth
- Bering and Chirikof at Kamchatka
- They Coast Northward through Bering Strait and Prove Asia to be
Separated from America
- Adventures of Shestakof
- Expeditions of Hens, Fedorof, and Gvozdef
- America Sighted
- Organization of the Second General Expedition
- Bibliography
- Personnel of the Expedition
- Bering, Chirikof, Spanberg, Walton, Croyere, Steller, Mëller, Fisher,
and Others
- Russian Religion
- Easy Morality
- Model Missionaries
- The Long Weary Way across Siberia
- Charges against Bering
- Arrival of the Expedition at Okhotsk |
|
|
CHAPTER IV. - DISCOVERY OF
ALASKA - 1740-1741. |
63 |
| |
-
The Day of Departure
- Arrival of Imperial Despatches
- They Set Sail from Okhotsk
- The Sv Petr and the Sv Pavel
- Bering's and Chirikof's Respective Commands
- Arrival at Kamchatka
- Wintering at Avatcha Bay
- Embarkation
- Ill Feeling between Chirikof and Bering
- The Final Parting in Mid-ocean
- Adventures of Chirikof
- He Discovers the Mainland of America in Latitude 55º 21'
- The Magnificence of his Surroundings
- A Boat's Crew Sent Ashore
- Another Sent to its Assistance
- All Lost!
- Heart-sick, Chirikof Hovers about the Place
- And is Finally Driven Away by the Wind
- He Discovers Unalaska, Adakh, and Attoo
- The Presence of Sea-otters Noticed
- Sickness
- Return to Avatcha Bay
- Death of Croyère
- Illness of Chirikof |
|
|
CHAPTER V. - DEATH OF
BERING - 1741-1742. |
75 |
| |
-
Discovery by Rule
- The Land not where It ought to be
- The Avatcha Council should know
- Bering Encounters the Mainland at Mount St. Elias
- Claims for the Priority of Discovery of North-westernmost America
- Kyak Island
- Scarcity of Water
- The Return Voyage
- Illness of Bering
- Longings for Home
- Kadiak
- Ukamok
- Sickness and Death
- Intercourse with the Natives
- Waxel's Adventure
- Vows of the Dane
- Amchitka, Kishka, Semiche, and other Islands Seen
- At Bering Island
- Wreck of the Sv Petr
- Death of Bering
- Gathering Sea-otter Skins
- The Survivors Build a Small Sv Petr from the Wreck
- Return to Kamchatka
- Second Voyage of Chirikof |
|
|
CHAPTER VI. - THE SWARMING
OF THE PROMYSHLENIKI. - 1743-1762 |
99 |
| |
-
Effect of the discovery in Siberia
- Hunting Expeditions in Search of Sea-otters
- Voyages of Bassof, Nevodchikof, and Yugof
- Rich Harvests of Sea-otter and Fur-seal Skins from the Aleutian
Archipelago
- The Cunning Promyshleniki and the Mild Islanders
- The Old Tale of Wrong and Atrocity
- Bloodshed on Attoo Island
- Early Monopolies
- Chuprof's and Kholodilof's Adventures
- Russians defeated on Unalaska and Amlia
- Yugof's Unfortunate Speculation
- Further Discovery
- The Fate of Golodof
- Other Adventures |
|
|
CHAPTER VII. - FURTHER
ADVENTURES OF THE PROMYSHLENIKI - 1760-1767. |
127 |
| |
-
Tolstykh's Voyage
- Movements of Vessels
- Staehlin's Map
- Wreck of the Andreian i Natalia
- Catherine Speaks
- A Company Formed
- Collecting Tribute
- The Neue Nachrichten
- Voyage of the Zakhar i
elizaveta
- Terrible Retaliation of the
Unalaskans
- Voyage of the Sv Troitska
- Great Sufferings
- Fatal Onslaught
- Voyage of Glottof
- Ship Nomenclature
- Discovery of Kadiak
- New Mode of Warfare
- The Old Man's Tale
- Solovief's Infamies
- The Okhotsk Government
- More St. Peters and St. Pauls
- Queen Catherine
and the Merchant Nikoforof
- End of Private Fur-hunting Expeditions |
|
|
CHAPTER VIII. - IMPERIAL
EFFORTS AND FAILURES. 1764-1779 |
157 |
| |
-
Synd's Voyage in Bering Strait
- Staehlin's Peculiar Report
- The Grand Government Expedition
- Promoitons and Rewards on the Strength of Prospective Achievements
- Catherine is Sure of Divine Favor
- Very Secret Instructions
- Heavy Cost of the Expedition
- The Long Journey to Kamchatka
- Dire Misfortunes There
- Results of the Effort
- Death of the Commander
- Journals and Reports
- More Mercantile Voyages
- The Ships Sv Nikolai, Sv. Andreï, Sv. Prokop, and Others
- The Free and Easy Zaikof
- His Luck |
|
|
CHAPTER IX. - EXPLORATION
AND TRADE. 1770-1787 |
175 |
| |
-
Political Changes at St. Petersburg
- Exiles to Siberia
- The Long Weary Way to Kamchatka
- The Benyovski Conspiracy
- The Author Bad Enough, but not So Bad as He would Like to Appear
- Exile Regulations
- Forgery, Treachery, Robbery, and Murder
- Escape of the Exiles
- Behm Appointed to Succeed Nilof as Commandant of Kamchatka
- Further Hunting Voyages
- First Trading Expedition to the Mainland
- Potop Zaikof
- Prince William Sound
- Ascent of Copper River
- Treacherous Chugaches
- Plight of the Russians
- Home of the Fur-seals
- Its Discovery by Gerassim Pribylof
- Jealousy of Rival Companies |
|
|
CHAPTER X. - OFFICIAL
EXPLORATIONS. 1773-1779 |
194 |
| |
-
Russian Supremacy in the Farthest North-west
- The Other European Powers would Know What It Means
- Perez Looks at Alaska for Spain
- The Santiago at Dixon Entrace
- Cuadra Advances to Cross Sound
- Cook for England Examines the Coast as Far as Icy Cape
- Names Given to Prince William Sound and Cook Inlet
- Revelations and Mistakes
- Ledyard's Journey
- Again Spain Sends to the North Arteaga, Who Takes Possession at Latitude
59º 8'
- Bay of La Santisima Cruz
- Results Attained |
|
|
CHAPTER XI. - COLONIZATION
AND THE FUR-TRADE. 1783-1787 |
222 |
| |
-
First Attempted Settlement of the Russians
in America
- Voyage of Grigor Shelikof
- Permanent Establishment of the Russians at Kadiak
- Return of Shelikof
- His Instructions to Samoilof, Colonial Commander
- The Historic sable and Otter
- Skins as Currency
- Trapping and Tribute-collecting
- Method of Conducting the Hunt
- Regulations of the Peredovchiki
- God's Sables and Man's
- Review of the Fur-trade on the Coasts of Asia and America
- Pernicious System Introduced by the Promyshleniki
- The China Market
- Foreign Rivals and their Method
- Abuse of Natives
- Cook's and Vancouver's Opinions of Completion with the Russians
- Extirpation of Animals |
|
|
CHAPTER XII. - FOREIGN
VISITORS. 1786-1794 |
255 |
| |
-
French Interest in the North-west
- La Pérouse's Examination
- Discovery of Port des Français
- A Disastrous Survey
- English Visitors
- Meares is Caught in Prince William Sound
- Terrible Struggles with the Scurvy
- Portlock and Dixon Come to the Rescue
- Their Two Years of Trading and Exploring
- Ismaïlof and Bocharof Set Forth to Secure the Claims of Russia
- A Treacherous Chief
- Yakutat Bay Explored
- Traces of Foreign Visitors Jealously Suppressed
- Spain Resolves to Assert Herself
- Martinez and Haro's Tour of Investigation
- Fidalgo, Marchand, and Caamaño
- Vancouver's Expedition |
|
|
CHAPTER XIII. - THE
BILLINGS SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION. - 1785-1793 |
282 |
| |
-
Flattering Prospects
- Costly Outfit
- The Usual Years of Preparation
- An Expectant World to be Enlightened
- Gathering of the Expedition at Kamchatka
- Divers Winterings and Ship-building
- Preliminary Surveys North and South
- At Unalaska and Kadiak
- Russian Rewards
- Periodic Promotion of Billings
- At St. Lawrence Island
- Billings' Land Journey
- Wretched Condiiton of Russian Hunters
- End of the Tribute System
- Result of the Expedition
- Sarychef's Surveys
- Shelikof's Duplicity
- Priestly Performance |
|
|
CHAPTER XIV. -
ORGANIZATION OF MONOPOLY, 1787-1795 |
305 |
| |
-
Shelikof's Grand Conception
- Governor-general Jacobi Won to the Scheme
- Shelikof's Modest Request
- Alaska Laid under Monopoly
- Stipulations of the Empress
- Humane Orders of Kozlof-Ugrenin
- Public Instructions and Secret Injunctions
- Delarof's Administration
- Shel_kof Induces Baranof to enter the Service of his Company
- Career and Traits of the New Manager
- Shipwreck of Baranof on Unalaska
- Condition of the Colony
- Rivalry and Other Troubles
- Plans and Recommendations
- Engagement with the Kaljushes
- Ship-building
- The Englishman Shields
- Launch and Tribulations of the Phœnix |
|
|
CHAPTER XV. - STRIFE
BETWEEN RIVAL COMPANIES. 1791-1794 |
334 |
| |
-
The Lebedef Company Occupies Cook Inlet
- Quarrels between the Lebedef and Shelikof Companies
- HOstilities in Cook Inlet
- Complaints of Kolomin against Konovalof
- War Upon Russions and Indians Alike
- Life of the Marauders
- Pacific Attitude of Baranof
- His Patience Exhausted
- Playing the Autocrat
- arrest of the Ringleaders
- Effect on the Natives
- Baranof's Speech to his Hunters
- Expedition to Yakutat
- Meeting with Vancouver
- The Lebedef Company Circumvented
- Troubles with Kaljushes
- Purtof's Resolute Conduct
- Zaïkof's Expedition |
|
|
CHAPTER XVI - COLONIZATION
AND MISSIONS. 1794-1796. |
351 |
| |
-
Mechanics and Missionaries Arrive at
Pavlovsk
- Ambitious Schemes of Colonization
- Agricultural Settlement Founded on Yakutat Bay
- Shipwreck, Famine, and Sickness
- Golovnin's Report of the Affairs of the Shelikof Company
- Discontent of the Missionaries
- Complaints of the Archimandrite
- Father Makar in Unalaska
- Father Juvenal in Kadiak
- Divine Service at Three Saints
- Juvenal's Voyage to Ilymna
- His Reception and Missionary Labors
- He Attempts to Abolish Polygamy
- And Falls a Victim to an Ilyamna Damsel
- He is Butchered by the Natives |
|
|
CHAPTER XVII. - THE
RUSSIAN AMERICAN COMPANY. 1796-1799 |
375 |
| |
-
Threatened Exhaustion of the Seal-fisheries
- Special Privileges Given to Siberian Merchants
- Shelikof Petitions for a Grant of the Entire NOrth-west
- He is Supported by Rezanof
- Muilnikof's Enterprise
- The United American Company
- Its Act of Consolidation Confirmed by Imperial Oukaz
- And its Name Changed to the Russian American Company
- Text of the Oukaz
- Obligations of the Company |
|
|
CHAPTER XVIII. - THE
FOUNDING OF SITKA. 1798-1801. |
384 |
| |
-
Baranof's Difficulties and Despndency
- Sick for Norfolk Sound
- Loss of Canoes
- The Party Attackled by Kolosh
- Treaty with the Sitkans
- Yankee Visitors
- A Fort Erected
- The Yakutat Bay Settlement
- Baranof Desires to be Relieved
- His Official Tour of the Colonies
- The Chief Manager's Piety
- His Complaints of Foreign Encroachments
- British Aggressiveness |
|
|
CHAPTER XIX. - THE SITKA
MASSACRE. 1802 |
401 |
| |
-
Rumors of Revolt among the Kolosh
- They Attack Fort Sv Mikhail
- Testimony of Abrossim Plotnikof
- And of Ekaterina Lebedef
- Sturgis' Equivocal Statement
- Captain Barber as a Philanthropist
- Khlebnikof's Version of the Massacre
- Secret Instructions to Baranof
- Tidings from Unalaska
- Further Promotion of the Chief Manager
- He determines to Recapture Sitka
- Preparations for the Expedition |
|
|
CHAPTER XX. - SITKA
RECAPTURED. 1803-1805 |
421 |
| |
-
The Nadeshda and Neva Sail
from Kronstadt
- Lisiansky Arrives at Norfolk Sound in the Neva-Baranoff Sets
Forth from Yakutat
- His Narrow Escape from Shipwreck
- He Joins Forces with Lisiansky.
- Fruitless Negotiations
- Defeat of the Russians
- The Fortress Bombarded
- And Evacuated by the Savages
- The Natives massacre their Children.
- Lisiansky's Visit to Kadiak
- His Description of the Settlements
- A Kolosh Embassy
- A Dinner Party at Novo Arkhangelsk
- The Neva's Homeward Voyage
- Bibliography |
|
|
CHAPTER XXI. - REZANOF'S
VISIT. 1804-1806 |
443 |
| |
-
Voyage of the Nadeshda
- A Russian Embassy Dismissed by the Japanese
- Rezanof at St. Paul Island
- Wholesale Slaughter of Fur-seals
- Kadiak
- And Thence to Novo Arkhangelsk
- His Report to the Russian American Company
- Further Trouble with the Lolosh
- The Ambassador's Instructions to the Chief Manager
- Evil Tiding from Kadiak
- Rezanof's Voyage to California
- His Complaints against Naval Officers
- His Opinion of the MIssionaries
- His Last Journey |
|
|
CHAPTER XXII. - SEVEN MORE
YEARS OF ALASKAN ANNALS. 1806-1812. |
461 |
| |
-
Ship-building at Novo Arkhangelsk
- The Settlement Threatened by Kolosh
- A Plot against the Chief Manager's Life
- The Conspirators Taken by Surprise
- Arrival of Golovnin in the Slop-of-war Diana
- His Description of the Settlement
- Astor's Vessel, the Enterprise, at Novo Arkhangelsk
- Negotiations for Trade
- Golovnin's Account of the Matter
- Farnum's Journey from Astoria to St. Petersburg
- Wreck of the Juno
- Sufferings of her Crew |
|
|
CHAPTER XXIII. - FOREIGN
VENTURES AND THE ROSS COLONY.
1803-1841 |
476 |
| |
|
|
|
CHAPTER XXIV. - FURTHER
ATTEMPTS AT FOREIGN COLONIZATION. 1808-1818 |
490 |
| |
|
|
|
CHAPTER XXV. - CLOSE OF
BARANOF'S ADMINISTRATION. 1819-1821 |
510 |
| |
|
|
|
CHAPTER XXVI. - SECOND
PERIOD OF THE RUSSIAN AMERICAN COMPANY'S
OPERATIONS. - 1821-1842 |
530 |
| |
|
|
|
CHAPTER XXVII. - THE
RUSSIAN AMERICAN COMPANY'S LAST TERM. -
1842-18661 |
568 |
| |
|
|
|
CHAPTER XXVIII. - ALASKA
AS A UNITED STATES COLONY. 1867-1883 |
590 |
| |
|
|
|
CHAPTER XXIX. - COMMERCE,
REVENUE, AND FURS. 1868-1884 |
630 |
| |
|
|
|
CHAPTER XXX. - FISHERIES.
1867-1884 |
660 |
| |
|
|
|
CHAPTER XXXI. -
SETTLEMENTS, AGRICULTURE, SHIP-BUILDING, AND
MINING. 1794-1884 |
671 |
| |
-
Sitka during the Russian Occupation
- The Town Half Deserted
- Social Life at the Capital
- The Sitka Library
- Newspapers
- Fort Wrangell
- Tongass
- Harrisburg
- Settlements on Cook Inlet
- Kadiak
- Wood Island
- Spruce Island
- Three Saints
- Afognak
- The Aleutian Islands
- Volcanic Eruptions and Earthquakes
- Saint Michael
- Fort Yukon
- Agriculture
- Stock raising
- Timber
- Ship-building
- Coal mining
- Petroleum, Copper, Quicksilver, Lead, and Sulphur
- Silver and Gold |
|
|
CHAPTER XXXII. - CHURCHES,
SCHOOLS, AND HOSPITALS. 1795-1884 |
699 |
| |
-
The First Churches in Russian America
- A Diocese Established
- Veniaminof
- The Sitka Cathedral
- Conversion of the Indians
- The Clergy Held in Contempt
- Protestant Missions
- Schools
- The Sitka Seminary
- The General Colonial Institute
- Meteorological
- Diseases
- Hospitals
- The Company's Pensioners
- Creoles
- Bibliographical |
|
|
CHAPTER XXXIII. - ALASKA
AS A CIVIL AND JUDICIAL DISTRICT. -
1883-1885 |
717 |
| |
-
The Organic Act
- A Phantom of Civil Government
- Proposed Indian Reservations
- Educational Matters
- Apointment of United States Officials
- Report of Governor Kinkead
- His Successor Appointed
- Schwatka's Voyage on the Raft
- Everette's Exploration
- Stoney's Expediiton
- Mining on the Yukon and its Tributaries
- The Takoo Mines
- The Treadwell Lode
- Fisheries
- Commerce and Navigation |
|
